In the apartment located at the second floor of the Pontifical Palace chosen by Giulio II della Rovere as his own residence and then also used by the following Popes, Raffaello painted frescoes in four rooms, from then known as the "Stanze di Raffaello" (Raffaello Rooms).

The first room one encounters during the visit is called "Room of Constantine" from the name of the Imperator who recognized Catholicism as the official religion of the Roman state.
The space, destined to official receptions, was painted by the students of Raffaello because of the premature death of the artist from Urbino with four episodes of the life of the imperator: the "Battle of Constantine against Massenzio", the "Baptism of Constantine", the "Donation of Rome" and the "Vision of the Cross".
In this last work is represented the episode according to which the imperator would have had in dream the premonition of his victory against Massenzio, if he had changed on the emblems of the soldiers the imperial eagles with the symbol of the cross.
The second room, called "The Room of Eliodoro", was destined to the private audiences of the Pope; the scope of the painting cycles represented here is to document the protection that God conceded to the Church from the antiquity to the Middle Ages.
Raffaello, with "the mass of Bolsena", evokes again the miracle, which took place in 1263 after Christ and from which are coming the celebrations of the "Corpus Domini", during which the host wept blood at the moment of the rite of the consecration celebrated by a priest from bohemian origin. Are also covered of frescoes "the liberation of San Pietro", which represents the Saint saved from the jail by an angel, "the meeting of Leone Magno with Attila", characterized by the apparition of the Saints Peter and Paul armed of swords and the "expulsion of Eliodoro from the temple", which illustrates the biblical episode according to which Eliodoro, sent by the King of Syria, Seleuco, to take possess of the treasure hidden in the temple of Jerusalem, was expulsed by two cavaliers sent by God.
The third room, the room of the "Signature", takes its name from the higher tribunal of the Holy See, and it contains the first and at the same time most famous frescoes realized by Raffaello in the Vatican apartments.
The artist represents the three most important categories of the human spirit, which are the true, the good and the nice.
The over natural true is represented in the "dispute of the SS Sacrament": on the sides of the SS Trinity there is the triumphant Church, with San Pietro, Adam, San Giovanni Evangelista, David, In the inferior part of the frescoes, on the sides of the altar on which remains isolated the SS Sacrament, are disposed the personification of the militant Church and, on the marble thrones, San Gregorio Magno, San Girolamo, Sant'Abrogio and Sant'Agostino.
The rational true is the theme of the "school of Athens" where Raffaello designs the philosophers of the Antiquity: at the centre Platoon indicates the sky with the hand and Aristotle answers him by indicating the earth, Pythagoras on the left, in first piano, is giving a course and Diogenes is reading on the stairs; at the bottom, at the end, we find in the act of writing on a piece of paper leaning on a marble block, Heraclites, in which a lot of people recognize the lines of Michelangelo who in this same years was wrapped up in the realization of the Sixtin Chapel.
The category of the good is represented in the frescoes "cardinal and theological virtues and the law": in the lunette on the top are disposed the personifications of the cardinal virtues, strength, carefulness and temperance and of the theological virtues faith, hope and charity; on the sides of the window are represented the "delivery of the Pandette to the imperator Giustiniano" of Lorenzo Lotto and the "delivery of the decree to Pope Gregorio IX", in the figure of which probably Raffaello wanted to make the portrait of the principal of the time Pope Giulio II.
In the "Parnaso" the artist represents the category of the nice by painting the God Apollo while he is playing the arm lyre surrounded by the nine muses, protectors of the arts and of the poets, Homer, Virgilio, Dante and Saffo.
The last room, the "Room of the Fire of Borgo", was used during the Pontificate of Giulio II for the meetings of the tribunal of the "Signature Gratiae et Iustitiae".
At the time of Leone X this environment was then used as dining room and the charge to paint the walls, initially given to Raffaello, fell down on his students afterwards. The frescoes illustrate "the crowning of Carlo Magno", "the pledge of Leone III", "the battle of Ostia" and "the fire of Borgo" that exploded in 847 after Christ the area close to San Pietro and miraculously stopped after a solemn benediction given by the Pontiff.